By H. Brant. The College of Wooster.
Muscle regeneration: Molecular as- RNA: Possible role in muscle decay and cachexia purchase 500mg ciplox otc. Muscle-derived hibitory factor enhances regeneration in skeletal mus- neurotrophin-4 as an activity-dependent trophic sig- cles after myoblast transplantation purchase 500 mg ciplox with amex. A substituted dextran enhances mus- changes in lumbar spinal cord after cervical cord in- cle fiber survival and regeneration in ischemic and jury ciplox 500 mg line. Roles for ephrins in metric study of cervical anterior horn cells and py- positionally selective synaptogenesis between motor ramidal tracts in medulla oblongata and the spinal neurons and muscle fibers buy generic ciplox 500 mg on-line. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13: lower motoneuron and contractile properties of its 553–60. Muscle atrophy and procedures terns and muscle volumes in spinal cord injured sub- for training after spinal cord injury. Locomotor sys- tation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives tem assessment by muscle magnetic resonance im- of various models. Fukunaga T, Roy R, Edgerton V, Shellock F, Hodg- steroids in medical practice. Gupta K, Shetty K, Agre J, Cuisinier M, Rudman I, magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 75:889– rat skeletal muscle after spinal cord transection. NIPS Intervention strategies to enhance anatomical plas- 1993; 8:165–169. Signorile J, Banovac K, Gomez M, Flipse D, Caruso Raven Publishing, 1997:257–275. Arch Phys Med Rehabil cospinal axonal growth and partial functional recov- 1995; 76:55–58. Repair of adult rat corti- placebo-controlled trial of albuterol in facioscapulo- cospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheath- humeral dystrophy. Functional recovery and enhanced cor- rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against ticofugal plasticity after unilateral pyramidal tract le- myelin-asociated neurite growth inhibitors. Nature sion and blockade of myelin-associated neurite 1990; 343:269–272. Ramon-Cueto A, Cordero M, Santos-Benito F, Avila regeneration as a reticulon protein. Functional re- ticospinal tract during development and after adult generation of sensory axons into the adult spinal spinal cord lesion. Locomotor recovery in spinal cord- injury in the cat: Analysis of myelinated axons by injured rats treated with an antibody neutralizing the line-sampling. Brosamle C, Huber A, Fiedler M, Skerra A, Schwab fibres related to function in human spinal cord in- M. Bracken M, Shepard M, Holford T, Leo-Summers manized IN-1 antibody fragment. Bregman B, Kunkel-Bagden E, Schnell L, Dai H, late for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal Gao D, Schwab M. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration. Oligoden- rons exhibit only modest axonal dieback in response drocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor lig- to a cervical hemisection. Survival and re- eration of sensory axons within the injured spinal generation of rubrospinal neurons 1 year after spinal cord induced by intraganglionic cAMP elevation. Curr Opin Neurol can immunoreactivity is higher at the caudal than 1998; 11:647–654. Review of cur- corticospinal axons induced by transplanted olfac- rent evidence for apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Immunological regulation of neuronal delayed transplantation into transected spinal cord. Zeman R, Feng Y, Peng H, Vistainer P, Etlinger J, generation of adult rat rubrospinal axons and re- Moorthy C, Couldwell W.
It is necessary to Use in Renal Impairment differentiate between them purchase ciplox 500mg visa, however generic ciplox 500 mg free shipping, because they require opposite treatment measures ciplox 500 mg on-line. Myasthenic cri- Because bethanechol and other cholinergic drugs increase sis requires more anticholinesterase drug ciplox 500 mg online, whereas pressure in the urinary tract by stimulating detrusor muscle cholinergic crisis requires discontinuing any anti- contraction and relaxation of urinary sphincters, they are cholinesterase drug the client has been receiving. Administering a cholinergic agnosis from signs and symptoms and their timing drug to these people might result in rupture of the bladder. Many of the drugs are degraded enzymatically caused by cholinergic crisis (too much drug). However, a few (eg, neostigmine and pyri- and symptoms beginning 3 hours or more after a drug dostigmine) undergo hepatic metabolism and tubular excretion dose are more likely to be caused by myasthenic in the kidneys. If the differential diagnosis cannot be made on the basis of signs and symptoms, the client can be intu- Use in Hepatic Impairment bated, mechanically ventilated, and observed closely until a diagnosis is possible. Still another way to dif- The hepatic metabolism of neostigmine and pyridostigmine ferentiate between the two conditions is for the may be impaired by liver disease, resulting in increased ad- physician to inject a small dose of IV edrophonium. If the edrophonium causes a dramatic improvement Tacrine is contraindicated in liver disease. Approxi- in breathing, the diagnosis is myasthenic crisis; if it mately 20% to 50% of clients experience an increase in liver makes the client even weaker, the diagnosis is cholin- aminotransferase levels after beginning therapy with tacrine. Note, however, that edrophonium or any Most enzyme elevation occurs in the first 18 weeks of ther- other pharmacologic agent should be administered apy and is more common in female clients. When tacrine only after endotracheal intubation and controlled is started, serum ALT should be monitored weekly for ventilation have been instituted. Some people acquire partial or total resistance to anti- of liver damage do not occur, the test can be done every cholinesterase drugs after taking them for months or 3 months. Therefore, do not assume that drug therapy that restores liver enzymes to normal levels with no permanent is effective initially will continue to be effective over liver injury. Use in Critical Illness Use in Children Cholinergic drugs have several specific uses in critical ill- Bethanechol is occasionally used to treat urinary retention ness. These include: and paralytic ileus, but safety and effectiveness for children younger than 8 years of age have not been established. Use of neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium Neostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis and to re- to reverse neuromuscular blockade (skeletal muscle verse neuromuscular blockade after general anesthesia but is paralysis) caused by nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Anticholinesterase drugs are used to treat myasthenic be used in the neonate of a mother with myasthenia gravis to crisis and improve muscle strength. Physostigmine may be used in severe cases as an anti- Other indirect-acting cholinergic drugs are used only in the dote to anticholinergic poisoning with drugs such as treatment of myasthenia gravis. The drug and equipment for in- CHAPTER 20 CHOLINERGIC DRUGS 305 jection should be readily available whenever cholinergic drugs urination, defecation, bronchial secretions, laryngospasm, are given. Atropine does not interact with tinic effects of the poison, a second drug, pralidoxime, is nicotinic receptors and therefore can not reverse the nicotinic needed. Pralidoxime (Protopam), a cholinesterase reactiva- effects of skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis due to over- tor, is a specific antidote for overdose with irreversible anti- dose of the indirect cholinergic drugs. Pralidoxime treats toxicity by causing the anticholinesterase poison to release the enzyme acetyl- cholinesterase. The reactivated acetylcholinesterase can then Management of Mushroom Poisoning degrade excess acetylcholine at the cholinergic synapses, in- cluding the neuromuscular junction. Because pralidoxime Muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, it is effective only in the were given their name because they can be stimulated by mus- peripheral areas of the body. Pralidoxime must be given as carine, an alkaloid that is found in small quantities in the soon after the poisoning as possible. Some mushrooms found in the bond between the irreversible anticholinesterase agent North America, such as the Clitocybe and Inocybe mushrooms, and acetylcholinesterase becomes stronger and pralidoxime however, contain much larger quantities of muscarine. Treatment dental or intentional ingestion of these mushrooms results in of anticholinesterase overdose may also require diazepam or intense cholinergic stimulation (cholinergic crisis) and is po- lorazepam to control seizures. Atropine is the specific antidote for mushroom necessary to treat respiratory paralysis. The person using the drugs may have diffi- soluble and can enter the body by a variety of routes includ- culty with self-administration.
Nefazodone has been associated with a few cases of liver failure and should not be given to clients with severe liver im- Home Care pairment generic ciplox 500 mg fast delivery. In addition generic ciplox 500mg fast delivery, blood levels of nefazodone are higher in clients with cirrhosis ciplox 500 mg with visa. Whatever the primary problem for which a home care nurse is visiting a client order ciplox 500mg with mastercard, he or she must be vigilant for signs and symptoms of major depression. Depression often accompa- Use in Critical Illness nies any serious physical illness and may occur in many other circumstances as well. The main role of the nurse may be in Critically ill clients may be receiving an antidepressant drug recognizing depressive states and referring clients for treat- when the critical illness develops or may need a drug to com- ment. If an antidepressant medication was recently started, bat the depression that often develops with major illness. NURSING Antidepressants ACTIONS NURSING ACTIONS RATIONALE/EXPLANATION 1. Give most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) To prevent insomnia once daily in the morning; citalopram and sertraline may be given morning or evening. Give tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and mirtazapine at To aid sleep and decrease daytime sedation bedtime. Observe for therapeutic effects Therapeutic effects occur 2 to 4 weeks after drug therapy is started. With antidepressants for depression, observe for statements of feeling better or less depressed; increased appetite, physical activity, and interest in surroundings; improved sleep patterns; improved appearance; decreased anxiety; decreased somatic complaints. With antidepressants for anxiety disorders, observe for decreased symptoms of the disorders (see Chap. With lithium, observe for decreases in manic behavior and Therapeutic effects do not occur until approximately 7 to 10 days mood swings. In mania, a benzodiazepine or an antipsychotic drug is usually given to reduce agitation and control behavior until the lithium takes effect. With SSRIs nefazodone and venlafaxine, observe for GI upset and diarrhea are common with SSRIs; GI upset, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, nervousness, insomnia, nausea, diarrhea, and orthostatic hypotension are common with nefazodone; GI dizziness, dry mouth, sedation, skin rash, sexual dysfunction. Although numerous adverse effects may occur, they are usually less serious than those occurring with most other anti- depressants. Compared with the TCAs, SSRIs and other newer drugs are less likely to cause significant sedation, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias but are more likely to cause nausea, nervous- ness, and insomnia. With TCAs, observe for: Most adverse effects result from anticholinergic or antiadrenergic (1) Central nervous system (CNS) effects—drowsiness, activity. With monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), observe for Anticholinergic effects are common. Hypoglycemia results from blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, hypotension, a drug-induced reduction in blood sugar. With bupropion, observe for seizure activity, CNS stimu- Adverse effects are most likely to occur if recommended doses are lation (agitation, insomnia, hyperactivity, hallucinations, exceeded. Note that bupropion has few, if any, effects on cardiac delusions), headache, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss. With mirtazapine, observe for sedation, confusion, dry Common effects are drowsiness, dizziness, and weight gain. Has mouth, constipation, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, tachy- CNS depressant and anticholinergic effects. With nefazodone, observe for: (1) CNS effects—anxiety, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, insomnia (2) GI effects—nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, anorexia, constipation (3) Cardiovascular effect—orthostatic hypotension (4) Hepatic effect—liver failure (anorexia, nausea, vomit- ing, abdominal pain, dark urine, jaundice) g. With lithium, observe for: Most clients who take lithium experience adverse effects. Symp- (1) Metallic taste, hand tremors, nausea, polyuria, poly- toms listed in (1) are common, occur at therapeutic serum drug dipsia, diarrhea, muscular weakness, fatigue, edema, and levels (0.
Nature shaw inhibition in man: a combined electrophysiological (London) order ciplox 500 mg mastercard, 195 buy cheap ciplox 500 mg, 910–11 generic ciplox 500mg without prescription. Involvement of spinal recurrent inhibition in spas- of motoneurones in patients with upper motor neuron ticity 500 mg ciplox visa. Journal of Enhancement of recurrent inhibition by intravenous Physiology (London), 355, 587–603. Progress in Neuro- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 53, biology, 57, 325–55. Depression of inhibition of motoneurones prior to and during ramp and Renshawrecurrentinhibitionbyactivationofcorticospinal ballistic movements. Monosynaptic Ia excitation and recurrent References 195 inhibition from quadriceps to ankle flexors and extensors inhibition preceding and accompanying voluntary move- in man. Influence of discharge of motoneurones reflexexcitabilityoftibialisanteriorandsoleus. Presence of homonymous responses and their IPSPs evoked by tibial nerve stimula- recurrent inhibition in motoneurones supplying differ- tion in human soleus motor neurones. Renshaw inhibition to motoneurones innervating ents in the soleus motoneurone inhibition during a tibialis proximalanddistalmusclesofthehumanupperandlower anteriorvoluntarycontractioninman. In Muscle Afferents and Spinal Control of Movement, Research, 27, 509–22. Journal for Renshaw cell–motoneuron decoupling during tonic of Physiology (London), 493, 603–11. Paralysis of shaw cells evoked by volleys in ipsilateral cutaneous and descending control of Renshaw cells in patients with high threshold muscle afferents and their relationship to mental retardation. Evidence for recur- rent inhibition from gastrocnemius muscle to soleus rent inhibition by motoneurones in human subjects. RenshawcellmediatedinhibitionofRenshaw supraspinal influences on Renshaw inhibition during cells: Patterns of excitation and inhibition from impulses motor activity in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical of Renshaw cells by impulses in peripheral afferent nerve Neurophysiology, 40, 279–87. Tonicinhibitoryinfluenceofa Influenceofpostureandvoluntarymovementonrecurrent supraspinalmonoaminergicsystemonrecurrentinhibition inhibition in human subjects. Experimental Brain Research, 59, organization of recurrent inhibition: changes in recurrent 249–56. In NewDevelopments in Elec- Recurrent inhibition is increased in patients with spinal tromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology,vol. Progress in Neurobiology, 49, of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 34, 699–711. The exten- sive convergence described on Ia interneurones In a decerebrate preparation Sherrington (1897) provided the first example of integration in the demonstrated that the contraction of a muscle spinal cord. Using allel from the brain to produce a co-ordinated monosynapticreflextesting,Lloyd(1946)considered contraction of agonists and relaxation of antag- the reciprocal inhibition of the mechanical antag- onists (Lundberg, 1970). Later intracellular sion in spinal pathways during movement (Tanaka, recordings established that one interneurone is 1974). Although the results recorded during tonic interpolatedintheIainhibitorypathway(Eccles,Fatt contractions have long been a matter of dispute, the & Landgren, 1956), and demonstrated that activity existence of a parallel control of motoneurones in this pathway can inhibit the monosynaptic reflex and corresponding Ia interneurones has now been (Araki, Eccles & Ito, 1960; see Chapter 1,pp. However, it has proved difficult to extrapolate name which has been kept, despite the demon- from results obtained at ankle level to wrist flex- stration that Ia afferents also produce (although ors and extensors. Ia INs fed by soleus Ia afferents are inhibited by Renshaw cells activated by recurrent collaterals from soleus motor axons. Ia INs receive short-latency excitation from low-threshold cutaneous afferents. The pathway of presynaptic inhibition of Ia terminals on tibialis anterior-coupled Ia INs is also represented. A striking convergence of Location and morphology segmental and supraspinal inputs was then found on motoneurones and corresponding Ia interneu- Ia inhibitory interneurones are located in the ven- rones (i. The trajectory of their axons, via the lateral or ventral funiculi, depends on the location of their target motoneurones, and they can reach motoneu- General features rones several segments away.