By I. Tufail. Goldey-Beacom College. 2018.
Depression can be treated with drugs cheap 125mg grifulvin v with mastercard, although some antidepressants can worsen dementia if it is pre- • changes in mood or behavior sent purchase grifulvin v 250mg, further complicating both diagnosis and treatment buy generic grifulvin v 125 mg online. It is im- portant for the person with these symptoms to be evalu- Treatment ated by a professional who can weigh the possibility that his or her symptoms may have another cause purchase 250mg grifulvin v with amex. Approxi- The mainstay of treatment for a person with AD con- mately 20% of those originally suspected of having AD tinues to be the establishment of daily routines and good turn out to have some other disorder; about half of these nursing care, providing both physical and emotional sup- cases are treatable. Modifications of the home to increase GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 67 safety and security are often necessary. The caregiver also ies have shown that 2 g or 3 g of acetyl-L-carnitine daily needs support. Regular medical care by a practitioner slows the progression of AD, especially in patients who with a non-defeatist attitude toward AD is important so developed the disease before age 66. Side effects include increased appetite, body People with AD are also often depressed or anxious, odor, and rash. Studies from a nutritionist may be useful to provide healthy, on the effect, if any, of DHEA on AD are needed. Finger foods may be preferable to effects include acne, hair growth, irritability, insomnia, those requiring utensils to be eaten. Melatonin is a hormone that helps to A calm, structured environment with simple tools that regulate mood and sleep cycles. The effect of melatonin support orientation (like calendars and clocks) may re- treatment on AD is unknown but it may be beneficial in duce anxiety and increase safety. Side effects are drowsiness, Diet and supplements confusion, headache, decreased sex drive, and decreased DIET. There have been a few reports that a diet rich with Herbals and Chinese medicine fish improves mental function in patients with AD or de- mentia. Ginkgo, the extract from the Ginkgo bilo- showed greater improvement in mood and mental func- ba tree is the most commonly used herbal treatment for tion than patients on placebo. Several studies have been performed to test the ef- venting properties, red wine in moderation may be bene- fectiveness of ginkgo for treating AD. Studies have shown that AD patients that ginkgo is an effective treatment for patients with have lower blood levels of vitamin E than age matched mild to moderate AD. A large, two year study of moderately include headache, allergic skin reaction, and gastroin- affected AD patients found that taking 2,000 IU of vita- testinal disturbance. Ginkgo also decreases blood coagu- min E daily significantly delayed disease progression as lation. Individuals with coagulation or platelet disorders compared to patients taking placebo. This delay was should use extreme caution and consult a physician be- equivalent to that seen with patients taking the drug se- fore using ginkgo. Estrogens determine the effectiveness of thiamine (vitamin B1) on may prevent AD, therefore, phytoestrogens may have the AD have been carried out. Phytoestrogens are mainly found in soy three months have improved mental function and AD as- products. Side effects are nausea, muscle cramps, conflicting, some studies have found that AD patients vomiting, and diarrhea. Some studies have shown that cobalamin supple- mentation improves memory and mental function in AD Therapies patients whereas other studies have found no effect. Acetyl-L-carnitine is similar treating the depression, agitation, wandering, feelings of in structure to the neurotransmitter acetyl-choline. AD pa- 68 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 tients have benefited from listening to favorite music or knives, or weapons should be stored safely out of reach. Participation in a music The hot water heater temperature may be set lower to pre- therapy group was more effective at improving memory vent accidental scalding. A list of emergency numbers, and decreasing agitation than being part of a verbal (talk- including the poison control center and the hospital emer- ing) group. A wide variety of other therapies have been benefi- Care for the caregiver cial in the treatment of the psychologic symptoms of AD. These include: Family members or others caring for a person with • Light therapy in the evening to improve sleep cycle dis- AD have an extremely difficult and stressful job that be- turbances. It is common for caregivers to develop feelings of anger, resentment, guilt, • Supportive therapy through touch, compliments, and and hopelessness, in addition to the sorrow they feel for displays of affection.
Training & certification Individuals taking homeopathic remedies should avoid black pepper grifulvin v 125mg line, camphor discount grifulvin v 125mg mastercard, eucalyptus purchase grifulvin v 250mg without a prescription, and pepper- Certification or licensing is currently not required to mint essential oils generic 125 mg grifulvin v amex. These oils may act as a remedy anti- become an aromatherapist in the United States; however, dote to the homeopathic treatment. Some essential oils may not be There are state-licensed educational institutions that appropriate for treating children, or may require addi- offer certificates and/or diplomas in aromatherapy train- tional dilution before use on children. Individuals interested in aromatherapy treatment from a professional aromatherapist may be able to obtain Certain essential oils should not be used by pregnant a referral from one of these institutions, or from their or nursing women or by people with specific illnesses or current healthcare provider. Individuals suffering from any chron- ic or acute health condition should inform their healthcare Resources provider before starting treatment with any essential oil. The Complete Illustrated Guide To Aromathera- tion for aromatherapy, as it can aggravate their condition. PERIODICALS Side effects ORGANIZATIONS Side effects vary by the type of essential oil used. Central America as an antidote for poison-tipped arrows, Antiseptic—Inhibits the growth of microorgan- the herb is mainly used today to soothe the stomach and isms. It has also been popular for centuries Bactericidal—An agent that destroys bacteria in the culinary arts and is still used in many American (e. Contact dermatitis—Skin irritation as a result of The Latin genus Maranta was derived from the name of contact with a foreign substance. Essential oil—A volatile oil extracted from the Arrowroot, which belongs to the Marantaceae plant leaves, fruit, flowers, roots, or other components family, is widely considered an easily digested and nutri- of a plant and used in aromatherapy, perfumes, tious starch. The end product is a fine, white powder with the tional, and spiritual needs of a patient as well as same appearance and texture as cornstarch. Remedy antidote—Certain foods, beverages, pre- scription medications, aromatic compounds, and While only Maranta arundinacea is considered true other environmental elements that counteract the arrowroot, the common name for the herb is often ap- efficacy of homeopathic remedies. These include other species Steam distillation—A process of extracting essen- of Maranta, such as Maranta ramosissima, Maranta al- tial oils from plant products through a heating and louya, Maranta nobilis, as well as Brazilian arrowroot evaporation process. Con- sumers interested in trying arrowroot are advised to Stanten, Michele, and Selene Yeager. Odle General use While not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), arrowroot is thought to have several beneficial effects. Today, the Arrowroot herb is primarily used to soothe an uneasy stomach and alleviate diarrhea or nausea and vomiting. Since it con- Description tains calcium and carbohydrates as well as other nutri- Growing to a height of up to 6 ft (2 m), arrowroot is ents, arrowroot is also used as an easily digested source a tropical perennial with clusters of long, thin stems and of nutrition for infants, people recovering from illnesses GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 127 (especially those with bowel problems), and those on re- stricted diets. The herb is considered easier on the stom- KEY TERMS ach than other forms of starch. Because arrowroot has not been studied extensively in Calcium—A mineral necessary for strong bones people or animals, its effectiveness is based mainly on its and the proper functioning of organs and muscles. Despite the lack of scientific ev- Demulcent—A gelatinous or oily substance that idence, some practitioners of alternative medicine consider it has a protective or soothing influence on irritated useful for certain conditions. Putting the dried pow- Rhizome—A relatively long and thick plant root der inside socks and shoes can help to combat the moisture that can be distinguished from normal roots by the that contributes to the growth of foot fungus. It also had a reputation as a treatment for Interactions scorpion and spider bites as well as gangrene. In Arrowroot is not known to interact adversely with cases of poisoning, the local poison control center or an any drug or dietary supplement. Much like cornstarch, arrowroot is used as a To avoid constipation, consumers should not take thickener for sauces, soups, and confections. Preparations Resources The optimum daily dosage of arrowroot has not been established with any certainty. New Jersey: follow the package directions for proper use or consult a Medical Economics, 1998. Arrowroot powder, which is basically flavorless, is often PERIODICALS mixed with juice or other beverages before ingestion. Box 144345, Austin, TX of sufficient medical research, arrowroot should be used 78714-4345. People who experience vomiting or severe/pro- longed diarrhea may be prone to dehydration. They Greg Annussek should drink plenty of water (six to eight glasses a day) in order to maintain a proper fluid balance.
If the rhythm is regular you can be more exact in determining the rate by dividing 300 by the number of 0 buy 125 mg grifulvin v mastercard. Determine whether each QRS is preceded by a P wave purchase grifulvin v 125mg free shipping, look for variation in the PR interval and RR interval (the duration between two QRS cycles) buy grifulvin v 125 mg overnight delivery, and look for ectopic beats buy grifulvin v 250mg without prescription. One way to determine LVH is to calculate the sum of the S wave in 19 V1 or V2 plus the R wave in V5 or V6. Check for the presence of ST-segment elevation or depres- sion, Q waves, inverted T waves, and poor R-wave progression in the precordial leads. A more detailed discussion of each of these categories is presented in the following sections. BASIC INFORMATION Equipment Bipolar Leads • Lead I: Left arm to right arm • Lead II: Left leg to right arm • Lead III: Left leg to left arm Precordial Leads: V1 to V6 across the chest, as shown in the section on electrocardio- grams in Chapter 13 (see Figure 13–9, page 267). With normal sinus rhythm, the P wave is upright in leads I, II, aVF, V4, V5, and V6 and inverted in aVR. The first negative deflection of the QRS complex (not always present and, if present, may be pathologic) • R Wave. The first positive deflection (R) is the positive deflection that sometimes occurs after the S wave) • S Wave. Normally upright in leads I, II, V, V, V, and V and inverted in aVR 19 3 4 5 6 AXIS DEVIATION The term axis, which represents the sum of the vectors of the electrical depolarization of the ventricles, gives some idea of the electrical orientation of the heart in the body. In a healthy person, the axis is downward and to the left, as shown in Figure 19–3. The QRS axis is midway between two leads that have QRS complexes of equal ampli- tude, or the axis is 90 degrees to the lead in which the QRS is isoelectric, that is, the ampli- tude of the R wave equals the amplitude of the S wave. QRS negative in I and positive in aVF, +105 to +180 degrees • Extreme Right Axis Deviation. QRS negative in I and negative in aVF, +180 to 19 +270 or –90 to –180 degrees Clinical Correlations • RAD. Seen with RVH, RBBB, COPD, and acute PE (a sudden change in axis toward the right), as well as in healthy individuals (occasionally) • LAD. Seen with LVH, LAHB (–45 to –90 degrees), LBBB, and in some healthy in- dividuals 19 Basic ECG Reading 371 HEART RATE Bradycardia: Heart rate <60 bpm Tachycardia: Heart rate >100 bpm Rate Determination: Figure 19–4. RHYTHM Sinus Rhythms Normal: Each QRS preceded by a P wave (which is positive in II and negative in aVR) with a regular PR and RR interval and a rate between 60 and 100 bpm (Figure 19–5) Sinus Tachycardia: Normal sinus rhythm with a heart rate >100 bpm and <180 bpm (Figure 19–6) Clinical Correlations. Anxiety, exertion, pain, fever, hypoxia, hypotension, increased sympathetic tone (secondary to drugs with adrenergic effects [eg, epinephrine]), anticholin- ergic effect (eg, atropine), PE, COPD, AMI, CHF, hyperthyroidism, and others Sinus Bradycardia: Normal sinus rhythm with a heart rate <60 bpm (Figure 19–7) Clinical Correlations. Well-trained athlete, normal variant, secondary to medications (eg, beta-blockers, digitalis, clonidine), hypothyroidism, hypothermia, sick sinus syndrome (tachy–brady syndrome), and others 19 FIGURE 19–4 Sample strip for rapid rate determination (see text for procedure). Estimating the rate by counting the number of beats (eight) in the two 3-s intervals. Because the beats are separated by exactly four beats, you do not need to extrapolate. Treatment • If asymptomatic (good urine output, adequate BP, and normal sensorium), no ther- apy needed. Atrial Arrhythmias PAC: Ectopic atrial focus firing prematurely followed by a normal QRS (Figure 19–8). The compensatory pause following the PAC is partial; the RR interval between beats 4 and 6 is less than between beats 1 and 3 or 6 and 8. Usually not of clinical significance; can be caused by stress, caf- feine, and myocardial disease PAT: A run of three or more consecutive PACs. Can be seen in healthy individuals but also occurs with a variety of heart diseases. Can include adenosine, verapamil, digoxin, edrophonium, or beta-blockers (propranolol, metoprolol, and esmolol).
The fruit can be used as a substitute for soap buy grifulvin v 125mg free shipping, and the leaves are some- times used as an insect repellent grifulvin v 125mg without prescription. Although ashwaganda can be taken alone buy generic grifulvin v 125 mg online, it is more often combined with other herbs in tonics to enhance its rejuvenating effects buy generic grifulvin v 250 mg online. Indian ginseng Ashwaganda is sometimes called the Indian ginseng because its actions and uses are in many ways similar to those of Chinese ginseng, although its cost is much lower. Ashwaganda is supposed to impart that same horse-like strength to the people who use it. Ashwaganda is celebrated as an adaptogen that will do all of the following: • boost strength • increase stamina and relieve fatigue • enhance sexual energy and rejuvenate the body • strengthen the immune system • speed recovery from chronic illness • strengthen sickly children • soothe and calm without producing drowsiness • clarify the mind and improve memory • slow the aging process The powdered root of ashwaganda is normally used for whole body tonics that improve general health and well being. For most of these uses, ashwaganda is prepared as part of a rasayana, or rejuvenating formula that contains many different herbs. The use of ashwaganda in multi-herb formulas makes it difficult for modern laboratory scientists to assess its specific effects as an adaptogen. Disease-specific uses In addition to the whole body effects of ashwagan- da, the plant is used for many other specific conditions. Some researchers • chronic fatigue syndrome report that ashwaganda makes tumors more sensitive to • colds chemotherapy and radiation therapy without increasing side effects caused by these therapies. One drawback to arriv- • hemorrhoids ing at conclusive evidence in humans is that most people • hypertension take ashwaganda as part of a multi-herb tonic, making it • hypoglycemia difficult for researchers to attribute specific actions to any one particular component of the formula. Scientific • leprosy interest in ashwaganda is high, and laboratory studies • nausea continue to be performed. The usual cap- • tumors sule dosage is 300 mg of powdered root, taken once or twice a day. Ashwaganda tea can be made by boiling the roots external use, as it is thought to have antibacterial and an- for about 15 minutes. It is used to prevent infection in skin The fruit is often chewed to assist in convalescence from wounds and to treat skin diseases, including psoriasis, prolonged illness. The dose recommended depends on both the body Laboratory studies type of the person and the nature of his or her illness. University and medical researchers have been study- ing ashwaganda since at least the early 1960s. Chemical Precautions analysis shows that ashwaganda contains compounds Ashwaganda is not recommended for use by pregnant thought to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti- women. This effect has not been seen in The most rigorous laboratory tests have been done humans, but using the herb in moderation may be prudent. It will enhance the effect of any other cen- mans in the same way that it affects rodents. People operating consistent anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-stress, and heavy equipment or working in situations that require a sedative effects. In one well-known study, extracts of high level of alertness should keep this in mind when ashwaganda root were shown to significantly increase using ashwaganda. Side effects Experimenters have had mixed results in demon- strating anti-tumor and anti-cancer properties of ashwa- No undesirable side effects have been reported with ganda. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 135 OTHER KEY TERMS “Withania somnifera aphrodisiaca. Decoction—A liquid extract of a herb, made by simmering or boiling the herb in water, then straining out the plant parts. Poultice—A soft moist mass of cloth, usually con- Asthma taining herbs, applied warm or hot to relieve pain or speed healing in a part of the body. Definition Psoriasis—A skin disease characterized by dry, Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the air- scaling, whitish patches. This inflammation periodically causes Scabies—A contagious skin disease caused by a the airways to narrow, producing wheezing and breath- mite and characterized by small, raised, red, very lessness sometimes to the point where the patient gasps itchy pinprick bumps on the skin. This obstruction of the air flow either stops spon- Tincture—An alcohol-based extract of a herb pre- taneously or responds to a wide range of treatments. Description Vegan—Food products made without any animal Between 16 and 17 million Americans have asthma products such as meat, milk, or eggs.