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Whenever one of your problematic life-lenses is activated discount slimex 10mg visa, refer back to this form in order to remind yourself that your feelings and reactions today have more to do with yesteryear than with your current reality order 15 mg slimex otc. In the left-hand column cheap 15mg slimex, write down one of the problematic life-lenses that you rated as 3 or above on your Problematic Life-Lens Questionnaire (see Worksheet 7-1) discount 15mg slimex with mastercard. Also include a brief definition of the life-lens based on your reflections from Worksheet 7-2. Reflect on your childhood and, in the middle column, record any memories or images that probably had something to do with the development of your life-lens. Be on the lookout for events that trigger your life-lens, and write those events down in the right-hand column as they occur. Because each lens often has multiple images and a variety of triggers, you should fill out a sep- arate form for each problematic life-lens. And whenever your problematic life-lens is triggered, review this Then and Now Exercise as a reminder of what your reaction is actually all about. For almost any problematic life-lens, you need to employ an array of strategies in order to feel significant benefit. Don’t expect a single exercise to “cure” you, and always consider professional help if your own efforts don’t take you far enough. After you complete the exercise, take some time to reflect on what you’ve learned about yourself and your feelings, and record your reflections in Worksheet 7-15. Worksheet 7-15 My Reflections Tallying up costs and benefits of current life-lenses The process of changing life-lenses stirs up some anxiety in most people. That’s because people believe (whether consciously or unconsciously) that life-lenses either protect or benefit them in some important ways. For example, if you have a vulnerable life-lens, you probably think that seeing the world as dangerous helps you avoid harm. Or if you possess a dependency life-lens, you likely think that it guides you to find the help from others that you truly need. Only when you fully believe that your life- lenses cause you more harm than good do you have the motivation to change them. Cameron rarely sets limits on himself or others and doesn’t think he should have to. His high intelligence and easy-going personality have enabled him to get by — until recently. Hangovers often cause him to miss classes, and his grades, pre- viously hovering just above passing, sink into the failure zone. Alarmed, his parents encourage him to see someone at the Student Mental Health Center. After discovering that Cameron looks through an under-control life-lens, his therapist suggests that he fill out a Cost/Benefit Analysis of his life-lens. Because patients often downplay the benefits of their life-lenses when they’re in therapy, his therapist suggests that he first ponder the advantages of his life-lens (see Worksheet 7-16). Chapter 7: Correcting Your Life-Lenses: A New Vision 111 Worksheet 7-16 Cameron’s Cost/Benefit Analysis (Part I) Life-Lens: Under-control. Cameron doesn’t have much trouble figuring out benefits for his problematic life-lens. However, his therapist urges him to carefully consider any negative consequences, or costs, of his under-control life-lens. I don’t have to be a slave to rules When I didn’t follow the rules about drinking and to what people tell me to do. My friends know that I say what I know I’ve hurt some good friends by what I think and that I’m honest. I like showing how I feel no It’s not always smart to express everything I matter what. I used to think they were just boring, but I see that, in some ways, they seem happier than I am. As Cameron wraps up his Cost/Benefit Analysis, he comes to a realization: “My under-control life-lens is ruining my life! A Cost/Benefit Analysis helps you boost your motivation to regrind problematic life-lenses. Write down one of the problematic life-lenses that you identified in Worksheet 7-1.
Te characterization of bites in human skin in relation to the time of death of victims is another area in which bitemark evidence may prove to be valuable purchase slimex 10mg on line. As in the 1975 Marx case with the bitemark on the nose purchase 10 mg slimex visa, or in other cases where the three-dimensional nature of the marks trusted slimex 15 mg, especially the retention of indentations from the teeth buy 10 mg slimex, played a prominent role, a forensic odontologist may be able to ofer an opinion related to when the wound was inficted in relation to the time of death. Forensic odontologists must be very careful to not overstate the signifcance or accuracy of this fnding, and limit the opinion, if and when indicated, to “around the time of death. Advances in science when applied to bitemark analysis and interpreta- tion are very likely to provide greater assistance to the examining and testify- ing expert and to enhance the value of evidence in specifc cases. It is the responsibility of attorneys to ask the appropriate questions to get the whole truth from expert witnesses. Experts for the prosecution in a criminal bitemark case may be pressured to provide a “positive link” between the putative biter and the bitemark. With the best evidence and a limited or closed population odontologists may be able to associate the two with rea- sonable medical or dental certainty, but never with absolute certainty. Y,” “only one person in X million or billion could make such a mark,” or “indeed and without doubt”) are inappropriate and scientifcally unsupportable. Te meanings of reasonable scientifc, medical, or dental certainty are consistent with the legal phrase “beyond reasonable doubt. Determinations with reasonable dental/medical/scientifc certainty, like determinations beyond reasonable doubt, should be logically derived from the evidence or absence of evidence. As we have seen from the tragic errors of the past, a misidentifcation of a bitemark can lead to the incarceration of an innocent person and, consequently, freedom for the guilty person, who can continue to kill. Te consequences to the expert who misidentifes a bite- mark or gives improper testimony can be terrible, legally, fnancially, emo- tionally, personally, and publicly. Te expert may be subject to legal action brought by the person wrongly accused/convicted. Accounts may be written in newspapers, weblogs, magazines, and books, generating public hostility. All this is in addition to how the expert must feel knowing he was even partly responsible for the incarceration of an innocent man. Te defense expert has just as much responsibil- ity to be truthful and objective as the expert for the prosecution, but errors by defense experts do not carry the same legal, fnancial, or public burden as the errors by a prosecution expert. Defense expert errors may contribute to a guilty suspect being freed, but the defense expert will rarely be publicly humiliated or sued. Defense expert errors are perceived to be less serious than those made by prosecution experts, partly because of the belief that it is better for many guilty persons to go free than to convict one innocent man. Supreme Court ruled that the highest standard of proof is grounded on “a fundamental value determination of our society that it is far worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty man go free. Te burden of proof is diferent, requiring only “preponderance of evidence,” not “beyond reasonable doubt. Te expert witness will rarely be the subject of legal action afer a trial unless it can be proven he or she knew facts and lied about them. Bitemark testimony in tort cases is rare, Bitemarks 363 and it usually involves domestic cases or civil action afer a criminal case has been adjudicated. For example, childcare givers or facilities may be sued by parents whose child has been bitten. Te question will likely be not who made the bite, but only the age of the biter: Was the biter a child or an adult? Tis practice is advisable but places responsibility on the dentist who is consulted, which may also have consequences. If consulted but not called to testify, and the testimony given by the primary forensic dentist results in posttrial lawsuits, the consulted dentist(s) may also be drawn into a dif- cult situation. Te situation can be ameliorated by writing clear reports and keeping excellent records. Te responses to those questions and the conclusions relayed to the National Academy relate directly to the future of bitemark analysis. Tis means that forensic odontologists must be capable of using all known evidence collection and comparison modali- ties and select those modalities appropriate for the case in question.
With iron salts (FeCl3) they form dark blue or greenish black water-soluble compounds buy 10 mg slimex visa. Tannins form insoluble and indigestible compounds with proteins buy slimex 10 mg cheap, and this is the basis of their extensive use in the leather industry (tanning process) generic slimex 10mg mastercard, and for the treatment of diarrhoea purchase slimex 15 mg, bleeding gums and skin injuries. Classification Tannins can be classified into two major classes: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. On treatment with acids or enzymes, while hydrolysable tannins are split into simpler molecules, condensed tannins produce com- plex water-insoluble products. Gallotannins, on hydrolysis, yield sugar and gallic acid, whereas hydrolysis of ellagitannins results in sugar, gallic acid and ellagic acid. Pentagalloyl- glucose, which has long been used in the tanning industry, is an example of a gallotannin. Condensed tannins are complex polymers, where the building blocks are usually catechins and flavonoids, esterified with gallic acid. Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolites, The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2003. Medicinal Natural Products: a Biosynthetic Approach, 2nd edn, Wiley, London, 2002. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-7836-7 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forensic dentistry / editors, David R. We also want to remember and salute that small group of concerned odon- tologists who met on Fire Island, New York, afer the impetus for the formation of various forensic boards was announced. Several others, including one editor and another contributor to this book, were invited to be included in the original group. Te board was incorporated in the District of Columbia with the frst certifcates awarded on February 18, 1976. Tis board has grown and developed and now includes dip- lomates from many American states and Canadian provinces. We are proud of the progress the board has made and its continu- ing support of educational and research eforts. We want to especially dedicate this book to each of you who hold it in your hands. If you are a forensic odontologist, you must strive to constantly improve the science and the feld, as did your mentors, with lectures, papers, and in person. In order for forensic odontology to progress to a specialty of dentistry there must be a consistent stream of new ideas and original and applied research. If you are not a forensic odontologist and are referring to this book, we welcome you to this challenging and fascinating feld. It is our hope that the material presented in this book will be, in some way, helpful to you for your inquiry. He was my student in pathology in dental school and has gone the extra mile for this second edition. His eforts are refected in the high caliber of the chapters in the book before you. Tis project would not have been possible without his hard work and vigorous encouragement to our contributors. Paul Stimson Table of Contents Preface ix The Editors xi The Contributors xiii 1 Science, the Law, and Forensic Identifcation 1 Christopher J.