By I. Grimboll. Hamilton University. 2018.
It is less confusing to students if the items for each topic are kept together generic cialis professional 20mg otc. Check to see that the correct answers are randomly distributed throughout the paper and if not cheap 40 mg cialis professional free shipping, reorder accordingly discount cialis professional 20mg line. Organise for the paper to be word- processed cialis professional 40 mg on line, with suitable instructions about the format required and the need for security. At the same time make sure that the ‘Instructions to Students’ section at the beginning of the paper is clear and accurate. Check and recheck the copy as errors are almost invariably discovered during the examination, a cause of much consternation. Finally, have the paper printed and arrange for secure storage until the time of the examination. Scoring and analysing an objective test The main advantage of the objective type tests is the rapidity with which scoring can be done. This requires some attention to the manner in which the students are to answer the questions. It is usually inappropriate to have the students mark their answers on the paper itself. When large numbers are involved a separate structured sheet should be used. Where facilities are available it is convenient to use answer sheets that can be directly scored by computer or for responses to be entered directly into a computer by students. An overlay is produced by cutting out the positions of the correct responses. This can then be placed over the student’s answer sheet and the correct responses are easily and rapidly counted. Before doing so ensure that the student has not marked more than one answer correct! In most major medical examinations a computer will be used to score and analyse objective-type examinations. You must therefore be familiar with the process and be able to interpret the subsequent results. The computer programme will generally provide statistical data about the examination including a reliability coefficient for internal consistency, a mean and standard deviation for the class and analyses of individual items. Should you be 147 the person responsible for the examination you will need to know how to interpret this information in order to process the examination results and to help improve subsequent examinations. If you are not familiar with these aspects we strongly suggest you seek expert advice or consult one of the books on educational measurement listed at the end of the chapter. DIRECT OBSERVATION Direct observation of the student performing a technical or an interpersonal skill in the real, simulated or examination setting would appear to be the most valid way of assessing such skills. Unfortunately, the reliability of these observa- tions is likely to be seriously low. This is particularly so in the complex interpersonal area where no alternative form of assessment is available. Nevertheless, in professional courses it is essential to continue to make assessments of the student’s performance, not least to indicate to the student your commitment to these vital skills. In doing so, you would be well advised to use the information predominantly for feedback rather than for important decision-making. Various ways have been suggested by which these limitations might be minimised. One it to improve the method of scoring and another is to improve the performance of the observer. Evidence suggests that the reliability of a checklist decreases when there are more than four points on the scale.
If the notes are in the medical records department then the task is easy: go and collect them purchase 20mg cialis professional,but remember to book them out to your consultant buy cialis professional 20 mg online. If they are not in the medical records department then see if they have been booked out discount cialis professional 20 mg fast delivery, when they were and to whom order cialis professional 40mg without a prescription. Get the telephone extension of the person who has booked them out and ask them if they have them, etc. When notes are not where they should be problems occur and usually it is not possible to find them. In this situation it can take hours and hours to find them often without success. My advice here is to become friends with the ward clerk or your con- sultant’s secretary and persuade them to do the legwork. Ultimately you will have to tell your consultant that you could not fulfil his/her request. Radiographs and the Film Library The X-ray archive or film library serves the same purpose as the medical records department, but for all radiological investigations, for example plain radiographs, computed tomographs and magnetic resonance images. Not everybody books out films when they borrow them and this is particularly the case when doctors borrow them for meetings. Many senior doctors are in the habit of simply picking up the notes/films and borrowing them without telling anyone. When you are asked to get a set of films the first thing to do is to telephone the film library and see if the films are there. If they are, then easy: go and collect them, but remember to book them out to your consultant. If they are not in the archive then see if they have been booked out, when they were and to whom. Get the telephone exten- sion of the person who has booked them out and ask them if they have them and so on. When X-ray images are missing it is sometimes possible to persuade the radiology department to reprint the films if they have a copy on their computer system,but you Surviving the Pre-registration House Officer Post 17 will have to be very skilled in the art of persuasion or very good at chatting someone up – usually the radiographers! Equipment All PRHOs need certain basic and inexpensive tools of the trade, which they should already have from being a medical student. You will no doubt see and hear newly qualified doctors flouncing around with a brand new set of cardiology guessing tubes (because they cannot train their ear to use a regular stethoscope) or other suchlike expensive equipment. This kind of kit is useful as you become more senior (SHO and SpR level). The equipment that you do need after graduation for your PRHO post is given in Table 4. Most will be glad to know that you do not need a tendon hammer, ophthalmo- scope/otoscope or expensive stethoscope. Most specialist equipment will be available on the appropriate wards, for example a tendon hammer on a neurology ward, an otoscope on an ear, nose and throat ward (ENT), etc. If you need to use this equip- ment,the nursing staff on the respective wards will often lend it to you if you are nice to them. Pre-admission Clinics These are the sole responsibility of the junior doctor on the firm and most often the PRHO. The purpose of these clinics is to assess patients one to two weeks before their elective admission to hospital. Your job is to clerk the patients,that is take a history and examine and perform basic investigations (bloods, electrocardiograph and radio- graphs) on the patient,to either streamline their admission or make sure they are fit for an elective operation. Ears See eyes Common sense Fundamental for a successful career in medicine:unfortunately,you either have it or you do not and it cannot be bought on E-bay™ 18 What They Didn’t Teach You at Medical School based on the findings of the PRHO, as the patient may not have been seen in the out- patient department for many months. These clinics are straightforward and nothing to be feared if you are diligent and thorough.